Tag: TIG cups

  • How to Identify and Replace Compatible TIG Torch Consumables for Optimal Welding Performance

    Correct TIG torch consumables affect arc stability, shielding gas coverage, tungsten control, heat handling, and weld consistency. The wrong collet, cup, gas lens, back cap, or tungsten size can cause poor starts, arc wandering, porosity, overheating, loose tungsten, and premature torch damage.

    TIG consumables are not universal. Parts must be matched to the torch series, torch head design, tungsten diameter, gas setup, cup style, and manufacturer fitment data. If the torch model, part number, or consumable family cannot be confirmed, the correct compatibility answer is: Unknown (Verify).

    Key Takeaways

    • Do not order by appearance alone. Many TIG consumables look similar but use different threads, tapers, lengths, or seating surfaces.
    • Identify the torch first. Confirm torch series, cooling type, head size, and OEM part number before matching front-end parts.
    • Match the full consumable stack. Cup, collet, collet body or gas lens, back cap, insulator, and tungsten diameter must work together.
    • Gas lens parts are not always interchangeable with standard collet bodies. Cup style and insulator requirements may change.
    • Machine model alone is not enough. A welder may accept several torch assemblies with different front-end consumables.
    • Replace damaged consumables early. Burned collets, cracked cups, worn gas lenses, and damaged threads cause repeat weld defects.

    Start by Identifying the TIG Torch

    The torch determines the consumable family. Before replacing parts, confirm the exact torch type instead of assuming compatibility from the welding machine model.

    Identification Point What to Check Why It Matters
    Torch series Look for markings on the handle, torch head, cable label, or package documentation. Consumables are usually organized by torch family and head size.
    Cooling type Air-cooled or water-cooled. Water-cooled and air-cooled torches may use different bodies, heads, cables, and duty ratings.
    Torch head style Rigid, flex, valve, pencil, modular, or specialty head. Some head designs require specific insulators, back caps, or cup systems.
    Amperage rating Verify from OEM torch documentation. Undersized torch parts can overheat during high-amperage welding.
    Connector configuration Dinse, gas-through Dinse, lug, separate gas line, water lines, remote lead, or proprietary connector. Important when replacing the full torch assembly, not just front-end consumables.
    Cable length Confirm original length if replacing the torch or lead assembly. Length affects voltage drop, handling, cooling, and machine setup.

    Common TIG torch families are often sold in small-head and large-head groups, but visual similarity does not prove fitment. Always verify the actual torch model and consumable family using OEM documentation or confirmed supplier fitment data.

    Know the TIG Consumable Stack

    A TIG torch front end works as a stack. If one part is mismatched, the entire assembly may leak gas, fail to clamp the tungsten, or seat incorrectly.

    Consumable Function Compatibility Checks Replace When
    Back cap Compresses the collet and seals the rear of the torch. Thread type, cap length, torch series, rear seal or O-ring style. Threads are worn, cap is cracked, O-ring leaks, or tungsten will not tighten.
    Collet Grips the tungsten electrode. Tungsten diameter, torch series, taper style, material, length. Tungsten slips, collet is split, burned, distorted, or discolored from overheating.
    Collet body Holds the collet and directs shielding gas through the cup. Torch series, thread size, tungsten diameter, standard cup compatibility. Threads are damaged, gas holes are blocked, seat is worn, or gas flow is uneven.
    Gas lens Uses screens or diffusers to improve shielding gas flow. Torch series, tungsten diameter, cup type, insulator requirements, stickout needs. Screen is clogged, crushed, contaminated, overheated, or flow pattern is unstable.
    Cup/nozzle Directs shielding gas around the tungsten and weld puddle. Cup thread or slip fit, size, length, material, gas lens or standard body match. Cracked, chipped, contaminated, overheated, loose, or wrong size for the joint.
    Insulator/gasket Seals and electrically isolates parts at the torch head. Torch head, cup style, gas lens style, shoulder height, seating surface. Cracked, burned, flattened, missing, or causing gas leaks.
    Tungsten electrode Carries the arc and controls arc shape. Diameter, alloy type, current type, amperage range, polarity, tip preparation. Contaminated, split, balled incorrectly, unstable arc, or ground to improper geometry.

    Compatibility Verification Checklist

    Use this checklist before ordering or installing replacement TIG torch consumables.

    Verification Item Status to Confirm
    Torch series Confirmed from torch marking, OEM manual, or verified supplier fitment data.
    Machine model Confirmed if replacing the full torch or connector-side assembly.
    Connector type Confirmed for complete torch replacement: Dinse size, gas-through style, lug, water lines, or proprietary plug.
    Amperage rating Confirmed from torch and machine documentation.
    Wire size Not applicable to TIG torch front-end consumables. For TIG filler rod, verify filler diameter separately from torch parts.
    Gas type Confirmed for the welding procedure. TIG commonly uses inert shielding gas, but gas selection must match the application and procedure.
    Cable length Confirmed when replacing the torch assembly or lead package.
    Consumable family Confirmed for standard collet body, gas lens, large-diameter gas lens, stubby kit, or specialty cup system.
    OEM part number Confirmed when available. If unavailable: Unknown (Verify).
    Connector configuration Confirmed before replacing any torch package, adapter, or power cable.

    Standard Collet Body vs Gas Lens: Do Not Mix Parts Blindly

    Standard collet body setups and gas lens setups may use different cups, insulators, and part lengths. A cup that fits a standard body may not fit a gas lens. A gas lens may also require a different insulating gasket or cup style depending on the torch family.

    Setup Typical Use Fitment Risk
    Standard collet body General TIG welding where standard gas coverage is sufficient. Using the wrong cup thread or tungsten diameter can cause gas leaks or poor tungsten clamping.
    Gas lens Improved gas coverage, longer tungsten stickout, stainless, titanium, or tight joint access when procedure-appropriate. Requires matching gas lens cup, tungsten diameter, and correct insulator for the torch.
    Stubby setup Shorter front-end length for access in tight spaces. Stubby kits are torch-family specific. Universal fitment: Unknown (Verify).
    Large gas lens setup Higher shielding coverage for specific applications. May require special cups and insulators. Fitment must be verified before installation.

    How to Identify Worn or Incorrect TIG Consumables

    Bad TIG consumables often create symptoms that look like gas problems, tungsten problems, or machine problems. Inspect the torch front end before changing machine settings.

    Symptom Likely Consumable Issue Inspection Step
    Tungsten slips or moves Wrong collet size, overheated collet, damaged back cap, worn collet taper. Confirm tungsten diameter and inspect the collet for cracks, burn marks, and loss of spring tension.
    Porosity or gray weld surface Cracked cup, missing insulator, gas lens clogging, gas leak at torch head. Inspect cup, gasket, collet body holes, gas lens screens, and torch seals.
    Arc wandering Contaminated tungsten, wrong tungsten diameter, loose collet, worn collet body. Regrind tungsten correctly and verify collet/body match.
    Cup overheats or cracks Excessive amperage for torch setup, poor gas flow, cup too close, wrong cup style. Verify torch rating, cup size, stickout, and cooling condition.
    Gas flow sounds turbulent Damaged gas lens, blocked holes, wrong cup, missing insulator. Remove front-end parts and inspect gas passages for spatter, oxide, dust, and screen damage.
    Back cap bottoms out before tightening Wrong collet length, wrong back cap, mismatched torch family. Compare new and old parts side-by-side and verify OEM fitment.

    Step-by-Step Replacement Procedure

    1. Shut down the machine. Turn off welding power and shielding gas before disassembly.
    2. Let the torch cool. Ceramic cups, collets, and torch heads can stay hot after welding.
    3. Remove the back cap. Loosen slowly and remove the tungsten so it does not fall or break.
    4. Disassemble the front end. Remove the cup, collet body or gas lens, collet, and insulator if needed.
    5. Inspect every sealing surface. Look for cracked ceramic, burned O-rings, damaged threads, missing insulators, and clogged gas passages.
    6. Compare old and new parts. Confirm length, taper, thread, tungsten diameter, cup fit, and torch family.
    7. Install the matching collet body or gas lens. Thread it in by hand first. Do not force mismatched threads.
    8. Install the correct collet. Match the collet to the tungsten diameter being used.
    9. Insert clean tungsten. Use the tungsten alloy, diameter, and tip preparation required by the welding procedure and machine manufacturer.
    10. Tighten the back cap gently. Tighten enough to hold the tungsten securely. Excessive force can distort the collet.
    11. Install the correct cup. Confirm that it seats squarely and does not wobble.
    12. Check gas flow. Test flow with the torch pointed away from people and confirm stable shielding before welding.
    13. Run a test bead. Verify arc stability, gas coverage, tungsten hold, and torch temperature before returning to production work.

    How to Avoid Ordering the Wrong TIG Torch Consumables

    • Do not rely only on cup color. Cup material and color do not confirm thread or torch fitment.
    • Do not rely only on torch handle shape. Handles are often replaced and may not identify the torch head.
    • Save old parts until fitment is confirmed. Compare dimensions, threads, and seating surfaces before discarding the original consumables.
    • Match tungsten diameter across the whole stack. Collet and collet body or gas lens must match the electrode diameter.
    • Verify gas lens kits carefully. Gas lens conversion may require a different cup and insulator.
    • Use OEM part numbers when possible. If the part number cannot be verified, mark the fitment as Unknown (Verify).
    • Check full torch replacement separately. Front-end consumables and machine-side connectors are different compatibility questions.

    Common Replacement Mistakes

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    Mistake Result Correction
    Installing the wrong collet diameter Tungsten slips, arcs inconsistently, or will not tighten. Match collet size to tungsten diameter.
    Using a standard cup on an incompatible gas lens Poor seating, leaks, or damaged threads. Verify cup family for the gas lens being used.
  • Square Wave 205 TIG Cup Size Selection Guide: Standard Cup, Gas Lens, and Stickout Checks

    For a Lincoln Square Wave 205 TIG setup, cup size controls how well argon shields the tungsten and weld puddle. Use a smaller cup when access is tight, amperage is low, and tungsten stickout is short. Use a larger cup or gas lens setup when the joint needs more coverage, longer tungsten stickout, better visibility, or cleaner stainless/aluminum shielding. Cup size will not fix a gas leak, dirty tungsten, wrong argon flow, cracked cup, worn collet, or contaminated base metal.

    The Square Wave 205 is an AC/DC TIG and Stick machine with AC frequency, AC balance, pulse, and post-flow control. Those machine controls help tune the arc, but TIG cup fitment depends on the installed torch series. Do not order cups by “Square Wave 205” alone. Verify whether the torch is 9/20-style, 17/18/26-style, Caliber 17, Caliber 26, or another torch before buying cups, collets, gas lenses, insulators, or back caps.

    Common Cup Selection Symptoms

    • Tungsten turns black: Cup too small, too much stickout, gas leak, poor post-flow, or bad argon coverage.
    • Stainless turns gray: Shielding coverage is weak, travel is too slow, or cup/gas lens setup is too small for the heat zone.
    • Arc wanders: Tungsten prep, gas turbulence, excessive stickout, or poor work clamp may be involved.
    • Cup blocks visibility: Cup may be too large for joint access; try a smaller cup or gas lens/stubby setup if compatible.
    • Porosity near edges: Gas is not covering the puddle at corners, outside edges, or draft-exposed joints.
    • Good welds on flat joints but poor welds in corners: Cup size, torch angle, and tungsten stickout may need adjustment.

    What TIG Cup Size Does

    The TIG cup directs argon around the tungsten and weld puddle. Smaller cups concentrate gas in tight access areas, but they tolerate less tungsten stickout. Larger cups cover a wider area, but they need the correct torch setup, cup clearance, and flow rate. A gas lens smooths the gas stream and can make larger cups or longer stickout more stable.

    Compatibility Notes for the Square Wave 205

    Lincoln literature lists the Square Wave 205 with TIG features including AC frequency, AC balance, pulse, and post-flow. Lincoln also lists Caliber 17/18/26 torch parts support and optional Caliber 26 and Caliber 9 flexible torch options. That does not mean every torch on a used Square Wave 205 uses the same cup. Torch-series verification is required before ordering.

    For related machine and TIG setup support, see the Lincoln Square Wave 205 overview, why TIG tungsten turns black, unstable TIG arc from poor tungsten prep, gas lens support, and TIG cup support.

    General TIG Cup Size Starting Points

    Cup SizeTypical UseNotes
    #4Very tight access, low amperageShort stickout only; limited gas coverage.
    #5Thin steel, stainless, light aluminumGood compact starting point.
    #6General TIG workCommon all-around cup for short to moderate stickout.
    #7More coverage and visibilityOften better for stainless color control and corners.
    #8Gas lens work, longer stickoutUseful when access or coverage breaks down.
    #10–#12Large coverage / specialty TIGVerify torch setup and gas lens compatibility.

    Cup Size by Job Type

    JobGood Starting CupWhen To Go Larger
    DC steel practice#5 or #6Longer stickout, corners, poor shielding.
    DC stainless#6 or #7Gray weld color or heat tint control issue.
    AC aluminum sheet#5 or #6Edge porosity or wider heat-affected zone.
    Aluminum fillets#6 or #7Puddle is exposed by torch angle or joint shape.
    Inside corners#6 gas lens or #7/#8 gas lensNeed more stickout and smoother gas flow.
    Tight access repair#4 or #5Only if visibility and access allow larger cup.

    Gas Lens vs Standard Cup Setup

    A standard collet body with a #5 or #6 cup is often enough for clean, easy-access joints. A gas lens becomes useful when the arc area needs smoother shielding, longer tungsten stickout, or better puddle visibility. Larger cups work best when paired with a compatible gas lens because the gas stream is more controlled.

    • Use standard cup: Short stickout, normal access, low-to-moderate amperage, basic steel/aluminum practice.
    • Use gas lens: Stainless color control, outside corners, tube work, longer stickout, hard-to-reach fillets.
    • Avoid oversized cups: When the cup blocks access, traps heat, or encourages excessive flow.

    Argon Flow and Cup Size

    Use the torch and procedure guidance as the final reference. Larger cups usually need more argon than small cups, but too much flow can cause turbulence and pull air into the shielding envelope. If increasing cup size makes the weld worse, check for excessive flow, drafts, gas leaks, cup cracks, or a damaged gas lens screen.

    What To Verify Before Ordering Cups

    • Installed torch series: 9/20, 17/18/26, Caliber 17, Caliber 26, or other.
    • Standard collet body or gas lens setup.
    • Tungsten diameter: .040, 1/16, 3/32, or 1/8 in.
    • Cup thread/style for that torch and collet body.
    • Correct insulator/gasket for standard or gas lens cups.
    • Back cap and O-ring condition.
    • Material: steel, stainless, aluminum, or thin sheet.
    • Expected amperage and tungsten stickout.

    Common Wrong-Part Mistakes

    • Buying 17/18/26 cups for a 9/20-style torch.
    • Buying gas lens cups without the matching gas lens collet body.
    • Mixing standard cups, gas lens bodies, and wrong insulators.
    • Using a large cup with excessive argon flow and creating turbulence.
    • Using a small cup with long tungsten stickout.
    • Trying to fix dirty tungsten with cup size when the torch has a gas leak.
    • Assuming every Square Wave 205 has the same torch package.

    Selection Test Procedure

    1. Start with a clean tungsten, correct collet, and a #5 or #6 cup if the torch setup allows it.
    2. Use short stickout and run a bead on clean scrap.
    3. If shielding is stable but visibility is poor, test a larger cup or gas lens setup.
    4. If tungsten turns black, check post-flow, leaks, cup cracks, and argon flow before changing cup size again.
    5. If a larger cup improves weld color and arc stability, coverage was likely part of the issue.
    6. If a larger cup makes the arc unstable, reduce flow and inspect for turbulence or drafts.
    7. Document cup size, tungsten size, gas flow, stickout, material, and Square Wave 205 settings.

    Field Fix vs Proper Fix

    Field fix: Use a clean #5 or #6 cup, short tungsten stickout, correct argon flow, and fresh tungsten. Move up one cup size only if coverage or visibility requires it.

    Proper fix: Match cup, collet, gas lens or standard collet body, insulator, and tungsten diameter to the verified torch series. Then test on clean scrap and record the setup that keeps the tungsten clean and the arc stable.

    Safety Notes

    • Disconnect power before torch service.
    • Let cups and torch parts cool before handling.
    • Do not use cracked ceramic cups or damaged gas lens screens.
    • Use eye and respiratory protection when grinding tungsten.
    • Use ventilation and keep your head out of fumes.
  • Best TIG Gas Lens Kit for Sooty Welds (Clean Shielding)

    Black soot and dirty tungsten usually point back to shielding gas coverage—either turbulence, leaks, or a setup that can’t maintain a stable argon envelope. A gas lens kit is one of the simplest upgrades to stabilize coverage, especially with longer stickout or tight joints.
    Not sure if this is your issue? See the full troubleshooting guide → TIG Welds Turning Black and Sooty? Fix Gas Coverage Fast

    STARTECHWELD 45V26 TIG Gas Lens 3/32” Gas Lens collet body Fit TIG WP17, WP18, WP26 (5 Pack) 45V26
    • TIG Gas Lens 45V26 Tig Torch Gas Lens 3/32”
    • Work With: TIG 17, 18, 26 Series Torches
    • 3/32″ Tungsten Electrodes Standard 10N Series Collet
    • 54N Series Gas Lens Ceramic Cups Setup
    • Pack of 5

    Last update on 2026-06-20 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API

    Key Takeaways

    • A gas lens helps create more stable, laminar shielding gas flow
    • Better coverage can reduce soot, oxidation, and tungsten contamination
    • Match the kit to your torch family (commonly 17/18/26 style)
    • Replace damaged screens/cups—dirty hardware can cause “mystery” contamination
    • If specs aren’t clearly listed, treat it as Unknown (Verify) before buying

    Product Picks (verify fitment before ordering)

    1) 45V26 TIG Gas Lens (3/32 in) — TOP PICK (Most common fix)

    Short description: A standard 45V26-reference gas lens collet body for common 17/18/26-style TIG torches.
    Key specs (manufacturer verified): Ref number 45V26; intended for 3/32 in (2.4 mm) tungsten; torch family 17/18/26 (Verify exact torch compatibility).
    Best for: Most welders seeing soot/dirty tungsten after switching cups, changing stickout, or fighting inconsistent coverage.
    ArcWeld link: N/A
    Amazon:

    STARTECHWELD 45V26 TIG Gas Lens 3/32” Gas Lens collet body Fit TIG WP17, WP18, WP26 (5 Pack) 45V26
    • TIG Gas Lens 45V26 Tig Torch Gas Lens 3/32”
    • Work With: TIG 17, 18, 26 Series Torches
    • 3/32″ Tungsten Electrodes Standard 10N Series Collet
    • 54N Series Gas Lens Ceramic Cups Setup
    • Pack of 5

    Last update on 2026-06-20 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API

    2) 17/18/26 Gas Lens Kit (cups + lens + collets)

    Short description: A bundled kit can be the fastest way to replace multiple wear items at once (cups, collets, lens).
    Key specs: Unknown (Verify)
    Best for: If your cup is chipped, your lens screen is dirty, and you want a clean reset.
    ArcWeld link: N/A
    Amazon:
    Unknown (Verify)

    Still deciding? Compare these options below.

    STARTECHWELD 45V26 TIG Gas Lens 3/32” Gas Lens collet body Fit TIG WP17, WP18, WP26 (5 Pack) 45V26
    • TIG Gas Lens 45V26 Tig Torch Gas Lens 3/32”
    • Work With: TIG 17, 18, 26 Series Torches
    • 3/32″ Tungsten Electrodes Standard 10N Series Collet
    • 54N Series Gas Lens Ceramic Cups Setup
    • Pack of 5

    Last update on 2026-06-20 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API

    3) Jumbo Cup Gas Lens Kit (for longer stickout)

    Short description: Larger cups can improve coverage in joints where you need extra tungsten stickout.
    Key specs: Unknown (Verify)
    Best for: Corners, fillets, and tight access where coverage breaks down.
    ArcWeld link: N/A
    Amazon:
    Unknown (Verify)

    Buying Guide: How to Choose

    • Torch family fit (17/18/26 vs other): Don’t assume—verify your torch style before ordering.
    • Tungsten diameter: Match the lens/collet body to your tungsten size (common: 1/16 in, 3/32 in, 1/8 in).
    • Cup size and access: Bigger cups can help coverage but may not fit tight joints.
    • Quality and consistency: If listings don’t clearly state reference numbers (like 45V26) and fitment, treat as Unknown (Verify).

    FAQ

    What does a gas lens actually change?
    It helps straighten and stabilize gas flow, so coverage is less turbulent and more consistent.

    Can too much gas cause soot?
    Yes. Excess flow can create turbulence that pulls air into the shield.

    Do I still need to regrind tungsten after soot shows up?
    Yes. Once contaminated, it’s faster and more reliable to regrind than to “burn it clean.”

    Will a gas lens fix leaks or bad gas?
    No. Fix leaks, confirm 100% argon, and check connections first.

    Safety Notes

    Use appropriate PPE and ensure eye protection meets ANSI Z87.1. Maintain ventilation—shielding issues can tempt people to hover and “test” the arc repeatedly, increasing UV exposure.

  • Furick Cup Dual FUPA #12 TIG Cup Kit (B09717HYGY): What It Is, When It Helps, and What to Compare

    Furick Cup Dual FUPA #12 TIG Cup Kit (B09717HYGY): What It Is, When It Helps, and What to Compare

    If you’re running TIG and you’re trying to improve coverage, visibility at the puddle, or consistency on longer beads, your cup setup matters more than most people think. A cup kit is not a magic fix, but it can reduce variables—especially when you’re troubleshooting gas coverage problems that look like “tungsten issues” or “bad filler” but are actually shielding-related.

    This post covers one specific Amazon kit so you can verify what you’re buying, compare it to alternatives, and avoid guessing on fitment.

    Furick Cup Dual FUPA #12 Welding Cup Kit w/Titanium Cover (FU12HKC) (1 Glass & 1 Ceramic Cup, Cover, O-Rings, 1 Spare Diffuser)
    • Furick FUPA #12 kit: glass + ceramic cups, titanium cover, spare o-rings & diffuser
    • Patented double-diffuser design for superior gas coverage and arc stability
    • 180A rating; recommended for 3/32″ tungsten; 25-30+ CFH argon flow
    • Handmade in USA borosilicate glass, premium lab-grade durability
    • Fits header tubes, chassis tubing; needs 45V44 gas lens or Furick torch mount kit

    Last update on 2026-06-20 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API

    Product (verified)

    Amazon listing title: Furick Cup Dual FUPA #12 Welding Cup Kit w/Titanium Diffuser
    Verified ASIN: B09717HYGY
    Amazon URL used to confirm ASIN:https://www.amazon.com/Furick-Cup-Welding-Titanium-Diffuser/dp/B09717HYGY?tag=weldsupport-20

    What this is (plain-English)

    This is a TIG cup kit built around a #12 cup format with a diffuser component. In practice, cup/diffuser setups are used to shape and stabilize shielding gas flow at the nozzle, which can help when you’re pushing cup size, stickout, or trying to keep coverage stable around corners and transitions.

    Unknown (Verify): exact torch series compatibility (WP-17/18/26 vs WP-9/20), included parts list, and whether any adapters are required. Confirm on the listing and/or manufacturer documentation before buying.

    Who this is for

    • TIG welders who are actively troubleshooting coverage/oxidation issues and want to eliminate “cup setup” as a variable.
    • Shops that standardize torch consumables and want a known kit instead of mixing random cups/diffusers.
    • Anyone doing cosmetic stainless work where coverage consistency is obvious in the finish.

    When it’s not the right fix

    If your issue is actually gas supply, leaks, contaminated tungsten, or poor prep, a new cup kit won’t solve it. Treat this as a consumable/torch-end choice, not a process substitute.

    Performance & Use

    Cup setups affect how forgiving your shielding is. The right setup can make your results more repeatable; the wrong setup can make it harder to see what’s actually going wrong.

    What to compare before you buy

    • Torch series fitment: confirm your torch (WP-17/18/26, WP-9/20, etc.) and whether adapters are required (Unknown—Verify).
    • Cup size vs access: larger cups can help coverage but can block access in tight joints.
    • Diffuser style: verify what’s included and how it’s intended to be used (Unknown—Verify).
    • Consumable availability: can you easily replace cups/diffusers without buying the whole kit again?
    • Your typical stickout and joint type: long stickout and tight corners punish marginal shielding setups.

    Comparable Amazon picks (optional)

    (Verified ASINs; plain affiliate links only.)

    Setup checklist (quick)

    • Confirm torch model/series and consumable family before ordering (do not assume).
    • Inspect for leaks at torch head, back cap, and fittings before blaming the cup.
    • If you change cup/diffuser setup, change one variable at a time and document results.

    Safety note

    Shielding gas displaces oxygen. Use ventilation appropriate for the space, and do not treat “no visible smoke” as “safe air.” If you’re welding stainless or anything with coatings, fume control matters.

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